Stupid CCIE Tricks Series V5.0 - Section 10: MPLS: The Ultimate Guide for CCIE Aspirants
[PDF] Stupid CCIE Tricks Series V5.0 - Section 10: MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing technique that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network addresses. It is a key technology for building next-generation intelligent networks that deliver a wide variety of advanced services over a single infrastructure.
[PDF] Stupid CCIE Tricks Series V5.0 - Section 10: MPLS
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If you are preparing for the CCIE Routing and Switching exam, you need to master MPLS concepts and configurations. This article will help you understand the basics of MPLS, as well as some advanced topics such as traffic engineering, VPNs and QoS. It will also guide you on how to download and read the PDF document "[PDF] Stupid CCIE Tricks Series V5.0 - Section 10: MPLS", which contains more detailed explanations and examples of MPLS scenarios.
Introduction
MPLS is a layer 2.5 protocol that operates between the data link layer (layer 2) and the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. It was designed to overcome some of the limitations of traditional IP routing, such as scalability, performance, security and flexibility.
MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols, such as IP, ATM, Frame Relay or Ethernet, and transport them over any type of link, such as T1/E1, DSL or optical fiber. It can also provide end-to-end circuits across different types of networks, such as IP, Frame Relay or ATM.
MPLS uses labels to identify established paths between endpoints, rather than relying on network addresses. Labels are short fixed-length identifiers that are attached to packets at the ingress router and removed at the egress router. Label switching routers (LSRs) forward packets based on their labels, without examining their contents. This allows for faster and more efficient packet forwarding, as well as better traffic engineering and quality of service (QoS) capabilities.
To download and read the PDF document "[PDF] Stupid CCIE Tricks Series V5.0 - Section 10: MPLS", you need to have a PDF reader installed on your device, such as Adobe Acrobat Reader or Foxit Reader. You can access the document from this link: https://www.ccietricks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Section-10-MPLS.pdf. The document contains 36 pages of detailed information and examples of MPLS configurations and scenarios, as well as some tips and tricks for passing the CCIE exam. It is highly recommended that you read the document after reading this article, as it will help you reinforce your knowledge and skills on MPLS.
MPLS Basics
In this section, we will cover the basic concepts and operations of MPLS, such as labels, LSRs, label switched paths (LSPs) and label distribution protocol (LDP).
Labels
A label is a 32-bit value that consists of four fields: label value, experimental (EXP), bottom of stack (S) and time to live (TTL). The label value is a 20-bit number that uniquely identifies a label within a domain. The EXP field is a 3-bit field that can be used for QoS purposes, such as marking the class of service (CoS) or the differentiated services code point (DSCP) of a packet. The S field is a 1-bit field that indicates whether the label is the last one in the label stack or not. The TTL field is an 8-bit field that decrements by one at each hop and prevents packets from looping indefinitely.
A label stack is a sequence of labels that are attached to a packet. The label stack can have one or more labels, depending on the number of MPLS domains that the packet traverses. The top label is the first one in the stack and the bottom label is the last one. The top label is used for forwarding decisions at each hop, while the bottom label indicates the end of the MPLS domain.
A label stack can be represented as follows:
Label EXP S TTL +-------+-----+---+-----+ 100 0 0 255
Label Switching Routers (LSRs)
An LSR is a router that supports MPLS and can forward packets based on their labels. There are three types of LSRs: ingress, transit and egress.
An ingress LSR is the first router in an MPLS domain that receives a packet from a non-MPLS network. It assigns a label to the packet based on its destination address and forwards it to the next hop.
A transit LSR is an intermediate router in an MPLS domain that receives a labeled packet from another LSR. It swaps the incoming label with an outgoing label based on its forwarding table and forwards it to the next hop.
An egress LSR is the last router in an MPLS domain that receives a labeled packet from another LSR. It removes the label from the packet and forwards it to its final destination using IP routing.
The following diagram illustrates the roles of different types of LSRs in an MPLS network:
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ Ingress----- Transit----- Egress LSR LSR LSR +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ Non-MPLS network Non-MPLS network
Label Switched Paths (LSPs)
An LSP is a unidirectional path from an ingress LSR to an egress LSR that consists of a set of labels and corresponding LSRs. An LSP can be established statically or dynamically using a label distribution protocol (LDP).
A static LSP is configured manually by specifying the labels and next hops for each LSR along the path. A static LSP has low overhead but lacks flexibility and scalability.
A dynamic LSP is established automatically by using LDP to exchange label information between adjacent LSRs. A dynamic LSP has high flexibility and scalability but also requires more resources and 71b2f0854b